Marine Corps Installations West

Conflict in the Mexican-American War in 1846 saw the first significant presence of Marines on the West Coast in San Diego, Calif. In 1911, Mexican civil disorder brought Marines once again to Southern California, but the 4th Provisional Marine Regiment was disbanded when tensions eased.

In 1914, following the temporary bivouacs of Camp Thomas and Camp Howard on North Island in the San Diego Bay, 250 Marines temporarily settled at Balboa Park in San Diego.

In 1915, then Marine Col. Joseph H. Pendleton advocated the establishment of a permanent Marine presence in San Diego to the Commandant of the Marine Corps and Congressman William Kettner. Proximity to the Mexican border and the southernmost deep-water harbor on the West Coast made San Diego a strategic location for a Marine base. Meanwhile, increasing national interest in Central America and the Pacific supported Col. Pendleton’s argument for an advanced expeditionary base on the West Coast. (right, Maj. Gen. Joseph H. Pendleton)

In 1916, appropriation was approved for Marine construction in San Diego. Full scale construction was delayed with the U.S. entry into World War I, but in 1921 Dutch Flats was fully operational and Marine Advanced Expeditionary Base San Diego was established. In November, 1920, a rifle range, later named Camp Matthews, was activated in La Jolla.

In 1924, Marine Corps Base, Naval Operating Base San Diego was established hosting the 4th Marine Regiment and a facility to train recruits. In 1948, this base was re-designated (to/as) Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego and has since served solely to train recruits.

In the early 1930s, Marines shared training grounds with the Army at Camp Kearny in northern San Diego. Growing tensions in Europe and the Pacific expedited the need for dedicated Marine training grounds for gunnery. In 1934, to provide needed space for recruit training expansion as well as a dedicated range for machine gun, anti-aircraft and artillery training, the Fleet Marine Force units moved from the San Diego Base to a bivouac site named Camp Holcomb in the Kearny Mesa area of San Diego. After construction of permanent fixtures, in 1940, it was renamed Camp Elliott. During World War II, Camp Elliott served as training grounds for tank, parachute, artillery, and scout training. The famous Navajo code talkers were also trained at Camp Elliott prior to their service in the Pacific. In 1944 after training over 50,000 Marines bound for the war in the Pacific, Camp Elliott was turned over to the Navy and in 1960, most of the property was returned to the city of San Diego.

The Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center (MCMWTC) was established in 1951 as Cold Weather Battalion at Pickle Meadow, Calif., near Bridgeport, Calif. Its mission was to provide cold weather training for replacement personnel bound for the conflict in Korea. After the conflict, the name was changed to the Marine Corps Cold Weather Training Center. As a result of its expanded role in training Marines for the Soviet threat in Northern Europe, it was renamed the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center in 1963. MCMWTC operated on a full time basis until 1967 when it was placed in a caretaker status during the Vietnam conflict. The training center was reactivated to a full-time command on May 19, 1976. Today, the installation supports training for mountain and cold-weather warfare though its unit training group and formal schools. (right, Marines salute the morning colors at the Cold Weather Battalion, circa 1952.

On Sept. 25, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt officially dedicated Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, establishing a large-scale ground training facility for Marine island-hopping operations in the Pacific. Major General Joseph H. Pendleton had long advocated the establishment of a permanent West Coast training base, and his vision had been realized beyond his expectations.

Marines from the 9th Marine Regiment conducted a four-day march from Camp Kearny to
Camp Pendleton to be the first Marine unit to inhabit the newly acquired base. Virtually overnight, Camp Pendleton transformed from a peaceful cattle ranch to a fast-paced military training installation capable of training thousands of Marines bound for the Pacific.

(left, Marines from the 9th Marine Regiment hike 38 miles from San Diego to Camp Pendleton, September 1942.) 

An auxiliary landing airfield at Camp Pendleton was included in the
1942 construction. During World War II, the dirt air strip served as a training field for the nearby Navy and Marine Corps air stations and provided basic fuel and maintenance functions. In 1978, after gradual ramp and runway improvements, the airfield was designated as a Marine Corps air facility and became home of Marine Air Group 39. In 1987, the facility became a full-fledged air station and today hosts the highest concentration of helicopters of all Marine Corps air stations.

(right, UH-1s parked at MCAS Camp Pendleton, circa 1970.)

Shortly after the completion of Camp Pendleton, on Nov. 4, 1942, Marine Corps Air Station El Toro was established in a small bean farming community in Orange County, Calif. to train aviation units battling in the Pacific. In 1950, MCAS El Toro was designated Master Jet Base for Fleet Marine Forces, Pacific and flourished as the home station of the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing. In 1993, the base was designated for closure in the Base Realignment and Closure process. The base closed in July, 1999.

(right, Marine F-4U Corsairs parked at MCAS El Toro, circa 1949)

In 1951, in response to the need for dedicated helicopter operations, a Navy airship base named Naval Air Station Santa Ana was commissioned Marine Corps Air Station Santa Ana to support the Korean conflict. It was the nation’s first installation dedicated solely for helicopter operations and was renamed Marine Corps Air Station Tustin in 1970. As a result of the 1993 BRAC review, the base was closed in 1997.

(left, one of the two enormous airship hangars at MCAS Tustin, circa 1955)

Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow became operational at its present location on December 28, 1942, when the United States Navy turned it over to the Marine Corps. It had originally been planned as a naval supply depot, but the Chief of Naval Operations directed that the facility be transferred to the Marine Corps as a storage site for supplies and equipment needed for the Fleet Marine Forces in the Pacific theater during World War II. In Oct. 1946, a 2,000-acre Army re-consignment facility was annexed by the logistics base located three miles west of Yermo, this came to be known as the Yermo-Annex. It’s location at the convergence of railways from ports in San Francisco, Long Beach, and San Diego make it an ideal centralized location to rapidly move military material and heavy equipment to and from operational units and ports of embarkation.

Marine Corps Training Center, Twentynine Palms, Calif. was established on Aug. 20, 1952 when the Marine Corps absorbed the abandoned Condor Field, a World War II Army and Navy glider base near Twentynine Palms, Calif. MCAGCC offers a large-scale facility for battalion reinforced–level combined air and ground exercises. Today, the facility is known as Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center and is the site of final training for all deploying Marine Combat units.

During the 1940s, both the Navy and the Marine Corps occupied Miramar. East Miramar (Camp Elliott) was used to train Marine artillery and armored personnel, while Navy and Marine Corps pilots trained on the western side. The bases were combined and designated Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in 1945, but in 1947 the Marines consolidated aviation assets to Tustin and El Toro. After the Marines’ departure, the eastern portion of Naval Auxiliary Air Station Miramar was mostly unused and in 1954, the Navy offered the property to the city of San Diego but was rejected. Later in the 1950s, the air station was designated a master jet base by the Navy and in 1969, the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School was established. As part of the 1993 BRAC process, the Marine Corps moved the majority of the 3d Marine Aircraft Wing to Miramar and the station was renamed Marine Corps Air Station Miramar.

Established in 1928, Fly Field in Yuma Arizona was purchased by the federal government and served as a stopover point for early American aviation. In response to the attacks on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the Civil Aeronautics Administration constructed permanent runways in 1943 and Fly Field was designated Yuma Army Air Base. After World War II, all flight activity ceased until the base was reactivated by the Air Force and renamed Vincent Air Force Base in 1951. The base was signed over to the Navy in 1959, and subsequently to the Marine Corps in 1962 when it was designated Marine Corps Air Station Yuma. Today, Yuma boasts a 13,300 ft runway and hosts 80 percent of the Marine Corps’ air-to-ground aviation training. Its ideal weather for aviation and close proximity to the Chocolate Mountains and Barry M. Goldwater training ranges makes it a key asset to the Marine Corps.
 

As Marines we value our relationships with the local community, and as a result continue to be considerate and responsible neighbors. We assist in disaster response, support local charities, volunteer in community organizations, provide habitat refuge for endangered species, and continuously seek new ways to be the best stewards of our environment. The Marines, Sailors and civilians aboard our installations are involved with community partners who work diligently to ensure that whenever possible our presence benefits our surrounding communities.

In this time of economic challenges, many “single industry” communities are particularly hard hit, and community leaders and citizens are apprehensive about their economic futures. Many communities in our region are heavily dependent upon Marine Corps installations to contribute to their economies. We believe it is important for MCIWEST to share what we know about our economic impact with our community leaders and neighbors.

Military installations provide a steady population of productive citizens with disposable income, and draw significant federal funding that can mitigate fluctuations in the regional economy.  Clearly, this is what we’re seeing in many of the communities that adjoin our installations – although they are not free of adverse economic conditions, they can count on a military community always in need of local goods and services.

A total of $7.0 billion in construction expenditures will be infused into local economies in our region between 2009 and 2014. 

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that each $1 million in defense spending supports 12.1 additional jobs through direct employment or its ripple effect throughout the region.¹ Contracts for construction are predominantly awarded to local construction firms with goals established for small businesses.  Local firms in turn rely on local skilled labor, and locally procured materials. Many of the approved constructions projects will include facilities which utilize cutting edge energy efficiency, water conservation, and reclamation technologies.

MCIWEST approved military construction for FY13

MCAS Camp Pendleton                               $4,140,000
MCB Camp Pendleton                                 $83,970,000
MCAS Miramar                                               $27,900,000
MCAS Yuma                                                   $29,290,000
MCAGCC Twenty Palms                              $42,270,000
MCRD San Diego                                         $11,750,000

**Although not an MCIWEST installations, data for the Recruit Depot at San Diego and MCAGCC Twentynine Palms is included to illustrate overall impact We know that at times we can be noisy neighbors, with periodic weapons and aviation training.  However, to these ‘sounds of freedom’ we have begun the bustling sounds of construction and greater economic prosperity. We are particularly pleased to see the disproportionate benefit the citizens of San Diego County, who stood with us and voted for the extension of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, are currently receiving. This is but one of the tangible means by which we attempt to recognize and repay our neighbors for their support of our military presence within our local communities.

We contract extensively for products and services that are more economically and efficiently provided by commercial enterprises. In fiscal year 2011, a total of 298 million was spent for general supplies, services, and food service support.  A total of 234 million were spent on service contracts for renovation, repair and maintenance of existing facilities, demolition of substandard properties, amenities infrastructure expansion and energy efficiency, renewable energy resources and energy independence projects.

In addition to the employees of contract services, our installations employ a wide variety of civilians.  From Marine Corps Community Services employees operating our fitness centers and managing family programs, to civilian law enforcement officers and professionals in fields such as accounting, engineering, community planning, and human resources, our installations employ about 7,200 civilians. Our civilian employees free Marines and Sailors to focus on training for their wartime mission and provide a broad range of necessary expertise.

Major events, such as the world-famous Miramar Air Show and Yuma Air Show have a significant impact on the local economy enhancing the “tourist destination” profile of the region.  In addition, many families plan their vacations to the area around their Marine’s graduation from recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego or attending a retirement ceremony aboard our installations retirement ceremony aboard our installations.

The Marines, Sailors and civilian employees of MCIWEST are accountable to a high standard of fiscal performance and competency as well as accountability to the taxpayers.  Every dollar we spend is the result of the hard work of American families and we appreciate the public trust in our stewardship. The outpouring of generosity from local communities to support our Marines and their families in the current and previous conflicts is humbling—and greatly appreciated by all uniformed service members. 

It is a common misconception that training Marines and maintaining sustainable habitats for endangered species and environmentally sensitive plants are mutually exclusive. Due to expanding urbanization and the suitable habitats that our training grounds provide, hundreds of these species have made our installations their home. We at MCIWEST are committed to coexistence ensuring that neither realistic training nor our natural heritage is compromised.

Marines routinely deploy into harm's way throughout the world and our western bases are optimized to prepare them to operate in diverse climates. From Pendleton's coastal beaches and Yuma's low desert to the high desert of Twentynine Palms and the cold weather of the Sierras at Bridgeport, Marines develop 'environmental awareness' while training in various conditions that prepare them for any contingency.

When home, Marines are proud of being good neighbors. From assisting in disaster response to supporting local charities, volunteering in community organizations, and contributing to economic vitality, we are consistently involved community partners. We are a conscientious steward of the lands that the American people have entrusted to us. Our responsibility extends beyond that of providing our volunteer force with the tools to train, but to do so in an environmentally responsible way.

Aside from ordnance impact areas, most of the undeveloped land on military reservations is dedicated to training areas and safety buffer zones. It is this shared open space that requires a symbiosis of Marines and many protected species.

How well do your Marines manage their training areas and ranges to ensure sustainable natural habitat? The following graph shows that even with relatively less land and compared even to government agencies specifically tasked with environmental preservation, America's military installations host a disproportionately larger number of federally protected species.

This success is not merely fortuitous. The Marine Corps and the Department of the Navy employ environmental professionals who partner with environmental protection officials to provide guidance to range managers and operational forces in an effort to avoid certain areas at critical points in species breeding, gestation, and development cycles. With careful, research-based planning, the missions of habitat protection and training Marines can be accomplished.

Each of these environments has unique flora and fauna, and our installation maneuver areas provide native species the open space that enables them to thrive. This geographic diversity, combined with aggressive land and environmental management programs, to include innovative breeding and replacement programs, places MCIWEST installations at the forefront of endangered and protected species preservation programs.
 

Buildings and other constructed facilities represent a significant and continuing commitment of Marine Corps resources. Regionally, the Marine Corps will spend more than $4.7 billion on new construction between 2009 and 2014. We will spend more than $260 million to maintain these facilities each year. As responsible stewards of the environment we are accountable to the nation to utilize our precious resources in a way that is both efficient and sustainable.

It is our policy to adopt “Green Basing” programs to reduce our environmental footprint to the minimum necessary to accomplish our national security mission. In real terms, this means that all new construction and renovation will comply with the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver Standard of the U.S. Green Building Council. The LEED concept is to design, build, and operate sustainable facilities by taking special consideration for energy consumption, water usage, waste management and the use of sustainable or recyclable materials to minimize the project's construction and operational impact on the environment.
Sustainable practices result in reduced operating costs, optimized equipment life-cycle, improved air & water quality, and reduced strain on the local utility infrastructure (power, water, sewer).

When practical, recycled and renewable materials are used to reduce the requirement for waste management, and to eliminate ozone depleting compounds.

Where possible, we generate electricity with renewable resources such as geothermal energy, solar power, or wind turbines. The energy produced is used on the installations or re-introduced to the electrical power grid to offset that used in other locations.

Our programs have received national recognition: both Marine Corps Air Station Miramar and Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow have received awards as Net Zero Green Bases by the Department of Defense.

New and renovated facilities and barracks are incorporating automated 'smart' building controls, solar heating, and water conservation systems. Alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal are being included into installation utility plans. In March, 2009, installation of the Marine Corps' first wind turbine was completed at our logistics base in Barstow, Calif. It provides 1.5 megawatts, or 30% of the base's electrical power needs. The Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California has been drawing on a 1.1 megawatt solar farm since 2003, once the largest photovoltaic system in the U.S. military.

At Camp Pendleton, natural gas-powered vehicles have already joined the fleet of base vehicles and the base is partnering with commercial enterprises and the state of California in researching the future use of hydrogen powered vehicles. Recycling programs at MCIWEST installations recover materials ranging from aluminum cans to expended ammunition casings, all a part of our commitment to the environment and conserving natural resources.
 

In a growing and vibrant nation, economic and environmental demands will continue to challenge policymakers who must balance the needs of people with different priorities. How we use our public lands, protect endangered species, ensure economic growth, and maximize human health and productivity will depend on how well divergent interest groups converge to support the human good. We cannot afford to turn reasoned pragmatic discussion about our shared natural resources into litigious conflict that produces winners and losers. MCIWEST is a proud member of the Western Regional Partnership and many other organizations who seek to find common benefit among diverse interest groups.